{ "article": { "LEGIARTI000038823650": { "META": { "META_SPEC": { "META_ARTICLE": { "NUM": "7", "TYPE": "ENTIEREMENT_MODIF", "DATE_FIN": "2999-01-01", "DATE_DEBUT": "2999-01-01" } }, "META_COMMUN": { "ID": "LEGIARTI000038823650", "URL": "article/LEGI/ARTI/00/00/38/82/36/LEGIARTI000038823650.xml", "NATURE": "Article", "ORIGINE": "LEGI" } }, "LIENS": { "LIEN": [ { "@id": "LEGIARTI000038846254", "@num": "L161-4", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-4 (M)", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "MODIFIE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000038846243", "@num": "L161-5", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-5 (V)", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "MODIFIE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" } ] }, "CONTEXTE": { "TEXTE": { "@cid": "JORFTEXT000038821234", "@nor": "TREL1827740L", "@num": "2019-773", "@nature": "LOI", "TITRE_TXT": [ { "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "LOI n° 2019-773 du 24 juillet 2019 portant création de l'Office français de la biodiversité, modifiant les missions des fédérations des chasseurs et renforçant la police de l'environnement (1)", "@debut": "2999-01-01", "@id_txt": "JORFTEXT000038821234", "@c_titre_court": "LOI n° 2019-773 du 24 juillet 2019" }, { "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "LOI n° 2019-773 du 24 juillet 2019 portant création de l'Office français de la biodiversité, modifiant les missions des fédérations des chasseurs et renforçant la police de l'environnement (1)", "@debut": "2019-07-27", "@id_txt": "LEGITEXT000038823649", "@c_titre_court": "LOI n°2019-773 du 24 juillet 2019" } ], "@date_publi": "2019-07-26", "@date_signature": "2019-07-24", "@num_parution_jo": "0172" } }, "VERSIONS": { "VERSION": [ { "LIEN_ART": { "@id": "LEGIARTI000038823650", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "@num": "7", "@debut": "2999-01-01", "@origine": "LEGI" } }, { "LIEN_ART": { "@id": "JORFARTI000038821241", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "@num": "7", "@debut": "2999-01-01", "@origine": "JORF" } } ] }, "BLOC_TEXTUEL": { "CONTENU": "
A modifié les dispositions suivantes :

- Code forestier (nouveau)
\n Art. L161-4, Art. L161-5\n
\n

\n
" } }, "LEGIARTI000038846243": { "META": { "META_SPEC": { "META_ARTICLE": { "NUM": "L161-5", "ETAT": "VIGUEUR", "TYPE": "AUTONOME", "DATE_FIN": "2999-01-01", "DATE_DEBUT": "2019-07-27" } }, "META_COMMUN": { "ID": "LEGIARTI000038846243", "URL": "article/LEGI/ARTI/00/00/38/84/62/LEGIARTI000038846243.xml", "NATURE": "Article", "ORIGINE": "LEGI" } }, "LIENS": { "LIEN": [ { "#text": "Ordonnance n°2012-92 du 26 janvier 2012 - art. (V)", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "JORFTEXT000025213462", "@typelien": "CODIFICATION" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000038823650", "@num": "7", "#text": "LOI n°2019-773 du 24 juillet 2019 - art. 7", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "JORFTEXT000038821234", "@nortexte": "TREL1827740L", "@numtexte": "2019-773", "@typelien": "MODIFIE", "@naturetexte": "LOI", "@datesignatexte": "2019-07-24" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000006610903", "@num": "L323-1", "#text": "Code forestier - art. L323-1 (VT), al 5 à 8.", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006071514", "@typelien": "CONCORDANCE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000006611016", "@num": "L371-3", "#text": "Code forestier - art. L371-3 (VT), II.", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006071514", "@typelien": "CONCORDANCE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000045850119", "@num": "L161-12", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-12 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025246207", "@num": "L161-4", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-4 (V)", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025246504", "@num": "L176-6", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L176-6 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" } ] }, "CONTEXTE": { "TEXTE": { "TM": { "TM": { "TM": { "TM": { "TM": { "TM": { "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000025248421", "@fin": "2022-06-03", "#text": "Sous-section 1 : Agents habilités à rechercher les infractions", "@debut": "2012-07-01" }, { "@id": "LEGISCTA000045850169", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "Sous-section 1 : Agents habilités à rechercher et à constater les infractions", "@debut": "2022-06-03" } ] }, "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000025248423", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "Section 2 : Recherche et constatation des infractions", "@debut": "2012-07-01" } ] }, "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000025248433", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "Chapitre Ier : Règles de procédure pénale applicables aux infractions forestières", "@debut": "2012-07-01" } ] }, "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000025248435", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "TITRE VI : DISPOSITIONS PÉNALES", "@debut": "2012-07-01" } ] }, "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000025248765", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "LIVRE Ier : DISPOSITIONS COMMUNES À TOUS LES BOIS ET FORÊTS", "@debut": "2012-07-01" } ] }, "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000026119072", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "Partie législative", "@debut": "2012-07-01" } ] }, "@cid": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@nature": "CODE", "TITRE_TXT": [ { "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau)", "@debut": "2012-07-01", "@id_txt": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@c_titre_court": "Code forestier (nouveau)" } ], "@date_publi": "2999-01-01", "@date_signature": "2999-01-01" } }, "VERSIONS": { "VERSION": [ { "@etat": "MODIFIE", "LIEN_ART": { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025246209", "@fin": "2016-08-10", "@num": "L161-5", "@etat": "MODIFIE", "@debut": "2012-07-01", "@origine": "LEGI" } }, { "@etat": "MODIFIE", "LIEN_ART": { "@id": "LEGIARTI000033035799", "@fin": "2019-07-27", "@num": "L161-5", "@etat": "MODIFIE", "@debut": "2016-08-10", "@origine": "LEGI" } }, { "@etat": "VIGUEUR", "LIEN_ART": { "@id": "LEGIARTI000038846243", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "@num": "L161-5", "@etat": "VIGUEUR", "@debut": "2019-07-27", "@origine": "LEGI" } } ] }, "BLOC_TEXTUEL": { "CONTENU": "

Outre les agents mentionnés à l'article L. 161-4, sont également habilités, dans l'exercice de leurs fonctions, à rechercher et constater les infractions forestières :

1° Les fonctionnaires et agents publics commissionnés et assermentés, habilités par une disposition du code de l'environnement à constater les infractions pénales en matière de chasse, de pêche, de protection de l'eau, des milieux aquatiques, des parcs nationaux ou des espaces naturels ;

Ils interviennent dans les conditions définies à la section 2 du chapitre II du titre VII du livre Ier du code de l'environnement. Toutefois, l'article L. 161-12 du présent code leur est applicable ;

2° Les agents publics habilités par la loi ou le règlement à effectuer des missions de surveillance, des inspections ou des contrôles de police administrative dans les bois et forêts, lorsqu'ils sont assermentés et habilités par la loi à rechercher et constater des infractions.

" } }, "LEGIARTI000038846254": { "META": { "META_SPEC": { "META_ARTICLE": { "NUM": "L161-4", "ETAT": "MODIFIE", "TYPE": "AUTONOME", "DATE_FIN": "2022-06-03", "DATE_DEBUT": "2019-07-27" } }, "META_COMMUN": { "ID": "LEGIARTI000038846254", "URL": "article/LEGI/ARTI/00/00/38/84/62/LEGIARTI000038846254.xml", "NATURE": "Article", "ORIGINE": "LEGI" } }, "LIENS": { "LIEN": [ { "#text": "Ordonnance n°2012-92 du 26 janvier 2012 - art. (V)", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "JORFTEXT000025213462", "@typelien": "CODIFICATION" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000038823650", "@num": "7", "#text": "LOI n°2019-773 du 24 juillet 2019 - art. 7", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "JORFTEXT000038821234", "@nortexte": "TREL1827740L", "@numtexte": "2019-773", "@typelien": "MODIFIE", "@naturetexte": "LOI", "@datesignatexte": "2019-07-24" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000049772829", "@num": "4", "#text": "Arrêté du 28 mai 2024 - art. 4 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "JORFTEXT000049767329", "@nortexte": "TREL2412725A", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "ARRETE", "@datesignatexte": "2024-05-28" }, { "@id": "LEGITEXT000050179639", "#text": "Décret n°2024-889 du 4 septembre 2024 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "JORFTEXT000050179006", "@nortexte": "TREL2419692D", "@numtexte": "2024-889", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "DECRET", "@datesignatexte": "2024-09-04" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000006610294", "@num": "L122-7", "#text": "Code forestier - art. L122-7 (VT), ecqc agents habilités.", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006071514", "@typelien": "CONCORDANCE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000006610296", "@num": "L122-8", "#text": "Code forestier - art. L122-8 (VT), al 2, ecqc agents habilités.", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006071514", "@typelien": "CONCORDANCE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000006610495", "@num": "L152-1", "#text": "Code forestier - art. L152-1 (VT), ecqc agents habilités.", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006071514", "@typelien": "CONCORDANCE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000006610641", "@num": "L223-4", "#text": "Code forestier - art. L223-4 (VT), phr 1, ecqc agents habilités.", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006071514", "@typelien": "CONCORDANCE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000006610660", "@num": "L231-1", "#text": "Code forestier - art. L231-1 (VT), al 1, ecqc gardes champêtres.", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006071514", "@typelien": "CONCORDANCE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000006610903", "@num": "L323-1", "#text": "Code forestier - art. L323-1 (VT), al 1 à 4 et 9.", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006071514", "@typelien": "CONCORDANCE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000006611063", "@num": "L432-4", "#text": "Code forestier - art. L432-4 (VT)", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006071514", "@typelien": "CONCORDANCE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000006611107", "@num": "L532-2", "#text": "Code forestier - art. L532-2 (VT)", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006071514", "@typelien": "CONCORDANCE", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025136640", "@num": "L172-5", "#text": "Code de l'environnement - art. L172-5 (V)", "@sens": "source", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000006074220", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000047810893", "@num": "L521-1", "#text": "Code de la sécurité intérieure - art. L521-1 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025503132", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000047810710", "@num": "L135-1", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L135-1 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000032235620", "@num": "L153-5", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L153-5 (VD)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025246227", "@num": "L161-11", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-11 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000045850119", "@num": "L161-12", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-12 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025246239", "@num": "L161-14", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-14 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000045850111", "@num": "L161-15", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-15 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025246244", "@num": "L161-16", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-16 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025246246", "@num": "L161-17", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-17 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025246250", "@num": "L161-18", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-18 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000038846243", "@num": "L161-5", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-5 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000045850149", "@num": "L161-7", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-7 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000045850142", "@num": "L161-8", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L161-8 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025246299", "@num": "L163-1", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L163-1 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025247170", "@num": "L315-2", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L315-2 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000045850195", "@num": "L363-4", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. L363-4 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000045849211", "@num": "R161-2", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. R161-2 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000045849245", "@num": "R361-2", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. R361-2 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000026129475", "@num": "R374-8", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau) - art. R374-8 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" }, { "@id": "LEGIARTI000043961840", "@num": "L621-8-4", "#text": "Code minier (nouveau) - art. L621-8-4 (V)", "@sens": "cible", "@cidtexte": "LEGITEXT000023501962", "@typelien": "CITATION", "@naturetexte": "CODE", "@datesignatexte": "2999-01-01" } ] }, "CONTEXTE": { "TEXTE": { "TM": { "TM": { "TM": { "TM": { "TM": { "TM": { "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000025248421", "@fin": "2022-06-03", "#text": "Sous-section 1 : Agents habilités à rechercher les infractions", "@debut": "2012-07-01" }, { "@id": "LEGISCTA000045850169", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "Sous-section 1 : Agents habilités à rechercher et à constater les infractions", "@debut": "2022-06-03" } ] }, "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000025248423", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "Section 2 : Recherche et constatation des infractions", "@debut": "2012-07-01" } ] }, "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000025248433", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "Chapitre Ier : Règles de procédure pénale applicables aux infractions forestières", "@debut": "2012-07-01" } ] }, "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000025248435", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "TITRE VI : DISPOSITIONS PÉNALES", "@debut": "2012-07-01" } ] }, "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000025248765", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "LIVRE Ier : DISPOSITIONS COMMUNES À TOUS LES BOIS ET FORÊTS", "@debut": "2012-07-01" } ] }, "TITRE_TM": [ { "@id": "LEGISCTA000026119072", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "Partie législative", "@debut": "2012-07-01" } ] }, "@cid": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@nature": "CODE", "TITRE_TXT": [ { "@fin": "2999-01-01", "#text": "Code forestier (nouveau)", "@debut": "2012-07-01", "@id_txt": "LEGITEXT000025244092", "@c_titre_court": "Code forestier (nouveau)" } ], "@date_publi": "2999-01-01", "@date_signature": "2999-01-01" } }, "VERSIONS": { "VERSION": [ { "@etat": "MODIFIE", "LIEN_ART": { "@id": "LEGIARTI000025246207", "@fin": "2019-07-27", "@num": "L161-4", "@etat": "MODIFIE", "@debut": "2012-07-01", "@origine": "LEGI" } }, { "@etat": "MODIFIE", "LIEN_ART": { "@id": "LEGIARTI000038846254", "@fin": "2022-06-03", "@num": "L161-4", "@etat": "MODIFIE", "@debut": "2019-07-27", "@origine": "LEGI" } }, { "@etat": "VIGUEUR", "LIEN_ART": { "@id": "LEGIARTI000045850158", "@fin": "2999-01-01", "@num": "L161-4", "@etat": "VIGUEUR", "@debut": "2022-06-03", "@origine": "LEGI" } } ] }, "BLOC_TEXTUEL": { "CONTENU": "

Sont habilités à rechercher et constater les infractions forestières, outre les officiers et agents de police judiciaire :

1° Les agents des services de l'Etat chargés des forêts, commissionnés à raison de leurs compétences en matière forestière et assermentés à cet effet ;

2° Les agents en service à l'Office national des forêts ainsi que ceux de l'établissement public du domaine national de Chambord, commissionnés à raison de leurs compétences en matière forestière et assermentés à cet effet ;

3° Les gardes champêtres et les agents de police municipale.

Lorsque les agents mentionnés aux 1° à 3° sont également investis par le code de l'environnement de missions de police judiciaire, ils interviennent dans les conditions définies aux articles L. 172-5 à L. 172-15 du même code.

" } } }, "article_lien": [ { "article_id": "LEGIARTI000038846243", "cible": true, "cidtexte": "JORFTEXT000038821234", "id": "LEGIARTI000038823650", "typelien": "MODIFIE" }, { "article_id": "LEGIARTI000038846254", "cible": true, "cidtexte": "JORFTEXT000038821234", "id": "LEGIARTI000038823650", "typelien": "MODIFIE" } ], "follow": [ "LIENS.LIEN[@sens=cible,@typelien=CREATION].@id" ], "id": "LEGIARTI000038823650", "liens_entrants": true }

Article 7 ENTIEREMENT_MODIF (LOI n° 2019-773 du 24 juillet 2019 portant création de l'Office français de la biodiversité, modifiant les missions des fédérations des chasseurs et renforçant la police de l'environnement (1))